2023 Visiting Angels Cost: Hourly Rates & Fees


2023 Visiting Angels Cost: Hourly Rates & Fees

The hourly price of in-home care companies from firms like Visiting Angels is a big consideration for households searching for help for family members. This price is influenced by a number of elements, together with the extent of care required, the geographic location, and the particular companies supplied. For example, specialised care like Alzheimer’s or dementia help could incur greater hourly charges in comparison with fundamental companionship companies.

Understanding caregiving bills allows households to finances successfully and discover accessible monetary help choices. This information facilitates knowledgeable decision-making concerning long-term care options, guaranteeing the absolute best care whereas managing monetary constraints. Traditionally, the demand for in-home care has risen alongside an getting old inhabitants, growing the necessity for clear pricing info and accessible sources for households.

This text delves additional into the elements influencing in-home care prices, exploring accessible sources for monetary help, and offering methods for households navigating these essential selections. It can additionally cowl completely different caregiving fashions and assess the suitable stage of help for particular person wants.

1. Care Stage

Care stage considerably influences the hourly price of Visiting Angels companies. A better stage of care, requiring extra specialised abilities and a spotlight from caregivers, correlates immediately with a better hourly fee. Fundamental companion care, which could contain meal preparation, mild housekeeping, and social interplay, sometimes instructions a decrease hourly fee than extra intensive care. For example, people requiring help with bathing, dressing, or mobility will possible incur a better hourly price as a result of elevated calls for positioned on the caregiver. Equally, specialised care for people with Alzheimer’s illness or different types of dementia necessitates caregivers with particular coaching and expertise, leading to greater hourly charges reflective of the specialised talent set. The care stage evaluation performed by Visiting Angels considers the shopper’s particular person wants and skills to find out the suitable stage of care and related prices.

This connection between care stage and value underscores the significance of a radical wants evaluation. Precisely assessing the required care stage ensures the shopper receives applicable help whereas additionally permitting for correct price projections. For instance, a shopper requiring help with medicine reminders and meal preparation won’t require the identical stage of care as somebody needing help with mobility and private hygiene. Understanding these distinctions permits households to make knowledgeable selections, balancing care wants with budgetary concerns. Visiting Angels provides numerous care ranges to accommodate various wants, starting from fundamental companion care to extra specialised look after complicated medical circumstances. This tiered strategy allows shoppers to obtain the exact stage of help required, optimizing each care high quality and cost-effectiveness.

In abstract, care stage acts as a main determinant of hourly price for Visiting Angels companies. Recognizing this relationship permits households to grasp the rationale behind pricing variations and make knowledgeable selections aligned with particular person wants and budgetary constraints. A transparent understanding of the care stage required, obtained by way of a complete evaluation, empowers households to navigate the complexities of in-home care prices and safe applicable help for his or her family members. Finally, aligning care stage with particular person wants optimizes each the standard of care supplied and the efficient administration of related bills.

2. Geographic Location

Geographic location performs a big function in figuring out the hourly price of Visiting Angels companies. Price of dwelling variations between completely different areas immediately impression wages and operational bills, influencing the general pricing construction. Understanding these geographic nuances is essential for correct budgeting and knowledgeable decision-making.

  • City vs. Rural Settings

    City areas, characterised by greater dwelling prices, typically have greater hourly charges for in-home care companies. Elevated demand for caregivers in densely populated areas, coupled with greater working bills, contributes to elevated pricing. Conversely, rural areas could have decrease hourly charges resulting from decrease dwelling prices and doubtlessly decreased demand. For instance, companies in a serious metropolitan space like New York Metropolis will possible command a better hourly fee than companies in a much less populated rural space.

  • State Rules & Market Competitors

    State-specific laws concerning caregiver certifications, coaching necessities, and minimal wage legal guidelines affect the price of offering care. Moreover, the extent of competitors amongst in-home care suppliers inside a particular space can impression pricing. States with stringent licensing necessities and excessive demand would possibly expertise greater hourly charges. Conversely, areas with extra competitors and fewer stringent laws may see decrease charges. For instance, California, with its strong in-home care market and particular laws, could have completely different pricing constructions in comparison with a state with much less market saturation and completely different laws.

  • Proximity to Visiting Angels Workplaces

    Whereas Visiting Angels strives to serve a variety of places, proximity to a neighborhood workplace can typically affect operational prices and, subsequently, pricing. Journey time and bills for caregivers travelling from a neighborhood workplace to a shopper’s house could also be factored into the general price, notably in additional distant areas. Areas additional away from a central workplace would possibly see barely adjusted pricing to account for these logistical elements.

  • Native Financial Situations

    Native financial elements, corresponding to prevailing wage charges and unemployment ranges, can affect the general price of in-home care companies. Areas experiencing excessive employment charges would possibly see greater hourly charges as a result of elevated competitors for certified caregivers. Financial downturns, conversely, can typically result in downward stress on pricing. These fluctuations necessitate common market evaluation to grasp prevailing financial circumstances impacting native service charges.

In abstract, geographic location acts as an important determinant of hourly charges for Visiting Angels companies. Contemplating these regional variations gives a extra complete understanding of pricing constructions, empowering households to finances successfully and make knowledgeable selections primarily based on their particular location and circumstances. Understanding these elements allows a proactive strategy to planning for in-home care, guaranteeing the absolute best care whereas managing budgetary concerns.

3. Service Period

Service length, encompassing the overall size of time care is supplied, performs a crucial function in figuring out the general price of Visiting Angels companies. Whereas hourly charges present a baseline, the overall length of service, whether or not short-term respite care or long-term steady care, considerably impacts the cumulative expense. Understanding the connection between service length and total price is essential for efficient budgeting and knowledgeable decision-making.

  • Brief-Time period Respite Care

    Brief-term respite care, offering momentary aid for main caregivers, typically includes shorter visits with doubtlessly greater hourly charges. These engagements would possibly vary from a number of hours to a couple weeks, providing flexibility and focused help. For example, a household would possibly make the most of respite look after a number of hours every week to permit the first caregiver private time or to attend appointments. Whereas doubtlessly having a barely greater hourly fee, the shorter total length limits the cumulative price, making it a manageable resolution for momentary wants.

  • Lengthy-Time period Steady Care

    Lengthy-term steady care, offering ongoing help for people requiring prolonged help, sometimes includes longer service durations and should provide alternatives for adjusted hourly charges. Any such care would possibly contain each day or weekly visits over an prolonged interval, offering constant help for people with continual circumstances or age-related challenges. The prolonged length, whereas accumulating greater total prices, typically permits for negotiated charges or package deal offers, doubtlessly decreasing the hourly price in comparison with short-term engagements.

  • In a single day and 24-Hour Care

    In a single day and 24-hour care signify specialised service durations with distinct price implications. These preparations tackle steady wants, requiring caregivers to supply help all through the evening or across the clock. As a result of intensive nature and elevated caregiver dedication, these companies typically have adjusted hourly charges reflecting the demanding nature of steady care. Whereas incurring greater hourly prices, these companies guarantee constant help for people requiring complete help, doubtlessly decreasing the necessity for a number of caregivers or shift adjustments.

  • Reside-in Care

    Reside-in care represents another service length mannequin the place a caregiver resides within the shopper’s house, offering steady help. This association typically includes a each day or weekly fee quite than an hourly fee, providing a complete care resolution. Whereas the general price is perhaps greater as a result of steady presence of a caregiver, it eliminates the necessity for a number of caregivers and gives constant, customized help. This mannequin caters to people requiring intensive help and companionship whereas streamlining care administration.

In conclusion, service length considerably influences the general price of Visiting Angels companies. Understanding the nuances of various service durations, from short-term respite care to long-term steady care and live-in preparations, empowers households to align their care wants with budgetary concerns successfully. Evaluating the trade-offs between hourly charges and whole length permits for knowledgeable decision-making, guaranteeing optimum care options tailor-made to particular person circumstances and monetary constraints. Contemplating service length alongside different elements like care stage and geographic location gives a complete understanding of the general price panorama, facilitating knowledgeable decisions and efficient care planning.

4. Particular Wants

Particular wants immediately affect the hourly price of Visiting Angels companies. Particular person necessities, starting from specialised medical care to private preferences, issue into caregiver choice, service length, and total care planning. This intricate relationship between particular person wants and value necessitates cautious consideration and clear communication to make sure each high quality care and budgetary alignment.

A number of elements contribute to this price variation. Specialised look after circumstances like Alzheimer’s illness, Parkinson’s illness, or post-stroke restoration typically requires caregivers with superior coaching and expertise, growing the hourly fee. Equally, particular dietary restrictions, mobility challenges, or medicine administration wants would possibly necessitate extra caregiver experience, impacting total price. For instance, a shopper requiring help with insulin injections necessitates a caregiver skilled in medicine administration, doubtlessly impacting the hourly fee in comparison with a shopper requiring solely companionship and meal preparation. Moreover, private preferences, corresponding to language proficiency or particular pursuits shared with the caregiver, can affect caregiver choice and doubtlessly impression price. Purchasers searching for bilingual caregivers or these with particular pastime pursuits would possibly encounter a extra restricted pool of certified caregivers, doubtlessly influencing hourly charges.

Understanding the connection between particular wants and value empowers households to make knowledgeable selections. Clearly articulating particular person wants throughout the preliminary evaluation permits Visiting Angels to tailor a care plan that addresses these wants successfully whereas additionally offering clear price projections. This proactive strategy facilitates knowledgeable decision-making, balancing care necessities with budgetary constraints. Acknowledging the function of particular wants in price dedication ensures sensible expectations and promotes open communication between households and care suppliers. Finally, recognizing this connection promotes individualized care planning, optimized useful resource allocation, and enhanced care outcomes.

5. Time of Day

Time of day constitutes a notable issue influencing the hourly price of Visiting Angels companies. Caregiving calls for fluctuate all through the day, impacting staffing wants and related prices. Understanding this temporal variation is essential for correct budgeting and efficient care planning.

Normal daytime hours, sometimes between 8:00 AM and 5:00 PM, typically signify the baseline hourly fee. Throughout these hours, caregiver availability is mostly greater, leading to doubtlessly decrease prices in comparison with different intervals. Night hours, from 5:00 PM to 10:00 PM, could incur barely greater hourly charges resulting from elevated demand and doubtlessly decreased caregiver availability. In a single day care, spanning 10:00 PM to eight:00 AM, typically instructions the best hourly charges reflecting the specialised nature of in a single day help and the challenges related to in a single day staffing. For example, households requiring in a single day help for a liked one experiencing sundowning signs associated to dementia would possibly encounter greater hourly charges throughout these intervals.

This tiered pricing construction displays the various operational complexities related to completely different occasions of day. Greater in a single day charges replicate the challenges of recruiting and retaining caregivers for in a single day shifts, guaranteeing constant and dependable care throughout these much less typical hours. Recognizing this temporal variation empowers households to plan successfully, balancing care wants with budgetary concerns. This consciousness facilitates knowledgeable decision-making, permitting households to strategically allocate sources and guarantee ample care protection whereas managing related prices. Understanding the impression of time of day on hourly charges allows proactive planning and knowledgeable decisions, optimizing care high quality and cost-effectiveness.

6. Day of the Week

Day of the week represents a pertinent issue influencing the hourly price of Visiting Angels companies. Weekday charges, making use of from Monday by way of Friday, sometimes represent the usual hourly fee. Weekend charges, encompassing Saturday and Sunday, could incur barely greater hourly prices resulting from elevated demand and doubtlessly decreased caregiver availability. Vacation charges, relevant to designated holidays, typically command the best hourly charges, reflecting the premium related to specialised vacation staffing and the challenges of guaranteeing constant care protection throughout these intervals.

This variable pricing construction arises from the dynamics of caregiver availability and the elevated operational complexity related to weekend and vacation scheduling. Greater weekend and vacation charges compensate caregivers for working much less typical days and incentivize staffing during times of heightened demand. For instance, households requiring constant care all through the week, together with weekends, would possibly encounter greater hourly charges for Saturday and Sunday visits in comparison with weekday companies. Equally, arranging care throughout vacation intervals typically necessitates greater hourly charges to make sure ample staffing throughout these occasions. Understanding these price variations permits households to anticipate potential fluctuations in hourly charges, facilitating efficient budgeting and knowledgeable decision-making. This consciousness empowers households to strategically schedule care, balancing care wants with price concerns. For example, households with versatile care schedules would possibly take into account concentrating care visits throughout weekdays to doubtlessly cut back total prices, whereas these requiring constant weekend or vacation protection can anticipate and finances for the related greater hourly charges.

In abstract, day of the week acts as a related determinant of hourly charges for Visiting Angels companies. Recognizing the affect of weekdays, weekends, and holidays on pricing permits for proactive planning and knowledgeable decisions, optimizing care high quality and cost-effectiveness. Integrating this understanding into care planning allows households to navigate the complexities of scheduling and related prices, guaranteeing constant care protection whereas managing budgetary constraints. Contemplating day of the week alongside different elements like care stage and geographic location gives a complete understanding of the general price panorama, facilitating well-informed selections and efficient care administration.

7. Expertise of Caregiver

Caregiver expertise immediately correlates with the hourly price of Visiting Angels companies. Greater expertise ranges typically command greater hourly charges, reflecting the specialised abilities, superior coaching, and demonstrated proficiency acquired by way of years of observe. This correlation acknowledges the worth of expertise in delivering high-quality, customized care. Caregivers with intensive expertise typically possess a deeper understanding of various care wants, enabling them to anticipate challenges, implement efficient care methods, and supply enhanced help for people with complicated medical circumstances or age-related challenges. For example, a caregiver with years of expertise supporting people with Alzheimer’s illness possesses specialised information in managing behavioral adjustments, implementing reminiscence care strategies, and offering emotional help, justifying a doubtlessly greater hourly fee in comparison with a caregiver with much less specialised expertise.

Whereas expertise contributes to price variations, it additionally represents an important funding in care high quality. Skilled caregivers typically possess enhanced problem-solving abilities, enabling them to navigate sudden conditions and adapt care methods as wanted. Their gathered information base permits for proactive identification of potential well being considerations and facilitates efficient communication with medical professionals, contributing to improved care outcomes. For instance, an skilled caregiver would possibly acknowledge refined adjustments in a shopper’s situation, prompting well timed medical intervention and doubtlessly stopping issues. Moreover, skilled caregivers typically construct stronger rapport with shoppers, fostering belief, selling emotional well-being, and enhancing the general care expertise. This customized strategy contributes considerably to shopper satisfaction and improved high quality of life. Whereas price stays a big consideration, prioritizing caregiver expertise can signify a helpful funding in customized, high-quality care, particularly for people with complicated wants.

In abstract, caregiver expertise represents a key determinant of hourly charges for Visiting Angels companies. Balancing price concerns with the demonstrable advantages of expertise requires cautious analysis of particular person wants and care objectives. Whereas greater expertise ranges typically correlate with greater hourly charges, the improved abilities, specialised information, and customized strategy provided by skilled caregivers can considerably impression care high quality and contribute to improved outcomes. Recognizing this connection empowers households to make knowledgeable selections, weighing price implications in opposition to the long-term advantages of skilled care, in the end optimizing each care high quality and cost-effectiveness.

8. Extra Companies

Extra companies provided by Visiting Angels immediately affect the general hourly price. Whereas core companies like companionship, meal preparation, and lightweight housekeeping type the muse of care, supplemental companies cater to particular particular person wants, impacting the ultimate hourly fee. This modular strategy permits for customized care plans, however necessitates cautious consideration of price implications. For example, specialised companies like medicine reminders, transportation help, or Alzheimer’s and dementia care incur extra prices reflecting the specialised abilities and experience required. Equally, companies like bathing help, dressing help, or mobility help contribute to greater hourly charges as a result of elevated time and bodily calls for positioned on caregivers. Understanding this connection between extra companies and value permits for knowledgeable customization of care plans and correct finances projections. For instance, a shopper requiring transportation to medical appointments and help with errands will possible expertise a better hourly price in comparison with a shopper solely requiring companionship and meal preparation.

The sensible significance of understanding this relationship lies within the potential to tailor care plans to particular person circumstances whereas managing budgetary constraints. Purchasers and households can prioritize important companies whereas contemplating the associated fee implications of elective additions. This knowledgeable decision-making course of ensures the availability of vital care whereas respecting monetary limitations. For instance, a household would possibly prioritize medicine reminders and bathing help resulting from security considerations whereas opting to handle transportation wants independently to regulate prices. This flexibility empowers households to make knowledgeable decisions, optimizing care supply whereas navigating monetary concerns. Recognizing the impression of extra companies on total price promotes transparency and facilitates open communication between households and Visiting Angels, guaranteeing alignment between care wants and budgetary realities.

In abstract, extra companies signify an important part of hourly price dedication for Visiting Angels. Fastidiously evaluating core service wants alongside desired supplemental companies empowers shoppers and households to create customized care plans tailor-made to particular person circumstances. Acknowledging the associated fee implications of extra companies facilitates knowledgeable decision-making, guaranteeing each high quality care and efficient finances administration. This understanding promotes transparency and facilitates open communication, fostering collaborative care planning and optimized useful resource allocation. Finally, contemplating extra companies inside the broader context of total care wants and budgetary constraints results in knowledgeable decisions and enhanced care outcomes.

9. Lengthy-Time period Contracts

Lengthy-term contracts with Visiting Angels typically affect the hourly price of care. Contract length performs a big function in figuring out total bills, impacting each hourly charges and potential reductions. Understanding the connection between contract size and value is essential for knowledgeable decision-making and efficient budgeting.

  • Discounted Hourly Charges

    Lengthy-term contracts often provide discounted hourly charges in comparison with short-term agreements. Committing to an prolonged service interval typically interprets to decrease hourly prices, incentivizing long-term engagements and offering price predictability for households. This may be notably helpful for people requiring ongoing care, guaranteeing constant help at a extra manageable price.

  • Negotiated Charges & Personalized Packages

    Prolonged contracts typically present alternatives for negotiated charges and customised care packages. This flexibility permits households to tailor companies to particular wants whereas doubtlessly decreasing total prices. Negotiated charges can replicate the constant and predictable nature of long-term care, providing price benefits in comparison with short-term, variable preparations. Personalized packages can bundle companies, doubtlessly decreasing the mixed hourly price in comparison with individually priced companies.

  • Predictable Budgeting

    Lengthy-term contracts facilitate predictable budgeting for households. Fastened hourly charges and pre-determined service durations allow correct price projections, decreasing monetary uncertainty and simplifying long-term care planning. This predictability permits households to allocate sources successfully, guaranteeing constant care protection with out sudden price fluctuations.

  • Caregiver Continuity

    Lengthy-term contracts typically contribute to higher caregiver continuity. Constant caregiver assignments foster stronger client-caregiver relationships, selling belief, familiarity, and improved care outcomes. Whereas circuitously impacting the hourly fee, caregiver continuity represents a big advantage of long-term engagements, enhancing the general care expertise and contributing to shopper well-being.

In conclusion, long-term contracts with Visiting Angels provide potential price benefits, together with discounted hourly charges, negotiated packages, and predictable budgeting. Whereas the particular phrases of every contract differ primarily based on particular person wants and regional elements, understanding the potential advantages of prolonged agreements empowers households to make knowledgeable selections, balancing price concerns with long-term care objectives. Contemplating contract length alongside elements like care stage and particular wants gives a complete understanding of total price implications, facilitating knowledgeable decisions and efficient care planning.

Ceaselessly Requested Questions

This part addresses frequent inquiries concerning the price of Visiting Angels companies, offering concise and informative responses.

Query 1: What’s the common hourly price of Visiting Angels companies?

The hourly price varies primarily based on a number of elements, together with geographic location, care stage, and particular service necessities. Contacting a neighborhood Visiting Angels workplace gives customized price estimates primarily based on particular person wants.

Query 2: Are there reductions accessible for long-term care agreements?

Lengthy-term contracts typically provide discounted hourly charges and customised care packages, doubtlessly decreasing total prices in comparison with short-term agreements. Inquiries concerning particular long-term contract choices needs to be directed to the native Visiting Angels workplace.

Query 3: How does Visiting Angels decide the suitable care stage for a shopper?

Visiting Angels conducts complete assessments to judge particular person wants and decide the suitable care stage. This evaluation considers elements corresponding to mobility, medicine administration, and cognitive skills, guaranteeing customized care plans.

Query 4: Does Visiting Angels provide specialised care for people with Alzheimer’s illness or dementia?

Visiting Angels gives specialised care companies for people with Alzheimer’s and different types of dementia. These companies are tailor-made to particular person wants and should embrace reminiscence care strategies, behavioral administration methods, and specialised communication approaches.

Query 5: How does the price of in a single day care evaluate to daytime care companies?

In a single day care sometimes incurs greater hourly charges in comparison with daytime companies as a result of specialised nature of in a single day help and the challenges related to in a single day staffing. Contacting a neighborhood Visiting Angels workplace gives detailed price info for in a single day care choices.

Query 6: Are there monetary help packages accessible to assist cowl the price of Visiting Angels companies?

Visiting Angels can present info concerning potential monetary help packages, together with long-term care insurance coverage, veterans advantages, and different relevant sources. Exploring these choices assists households in navigating the monetary points of in-home care.

Understanding the elements influencing the price of Visiting Angels companies empowers households to make knowledgeable selections. Direct communication with a neighborhood Visiting Angels workplace gives customized price estimates and addresses particular care necessities.

For additional particulars on service choices and customized price estimates, please seek the advice of the next sources or contact a neighborhood Visiting Angels workplace immediately.

Ideas for Understanding Visiting Angels Prices

Navigating the complexities of in-home care prices requires cautious consideration and proactive planning. The following tips provide sensible steerage for understanding and managing Visiting Angels bills.

Tip 1: Provoke Early Contact

Contacting a neighborhood Visiting Angels workplace early within the decision-making course of permits for customized price estimates and facilitates knowledgeable budgeting. Early engagement gives ample time to discover accessible service choices, assess particular person wants, and develop a complete care plan aligned with monetary constraints.

Tip 2: Clearly Articulate Particular Wants

Offering detailed info concerning particular person care necessities allows Visiting Angels to develop a tailor-made care plan and provide correct price projections. Clearly articulating particular wants ensures the proposed care plan aligns with particular person circumstances and facilitates sensible budgeting.

Tip 3: Discover Lengthy-Time period Contract Choices

Investigating long-term contract choices permits for potential price financial savings by way of discounted hourly charges and customised care packages. Lengthy-term agreements provide predictability and stability, facilitating long-term care planning and finances administration.

Tip 4: Inquire About Out there Monetary Help Packages

Discussing potential monetary help packages, corresponding to long-term care insurance coverage or veterans advantages, with Visiting Angels representatives helps establish accessible sources and navigate the monetary points of in-home care. Understanding accessible monetary support choices empowers knowledgeable decision-making and facilitates entry to potential cost-saving sources.

Tip 5: Take into account Time of Day and Day of Week Necessities

Recognizing the affect of time of day and day of week on hourly charges permits for strategic scheduling and optimized price administration. Fastidiously contemplating scheduling wants facilitates proactive planning and environment friendly useful resource allocation.

Tip 6: Evaluate Service Choices and Related Prices

Fastidiously evaluating numerous service choices and related prices empowers knowledgeable decisions aligned with particular person care wants and budgetary constraints. Evaluating accessible companies facilitates knowledgeable decision-making and optimizes useful resource allocation.

Tip 7: Preserve Open Communication with Visiting Angels Representatives

Ongoing communication with Visiting Angels representatives ensures clear understanding of price variations, service changes, and potential monetary sources. Open communication fosters collaboration and promotes efficient care administration.

Implementing the following pointers promotes knowledgeable decision-making, enabling efficient navigation of in-home care prices and guaranteeing the absolute best care whereas managing monetary concerns.

By understanding the elements influencing price and proactively participating with Visiting Angels, people and households can safe applicable care options tailor-made to particular wants and budgetary parameters. The next conclusion synthesizes key info and reinforces the significance of knowledgeable decision-making in securing optimum care.

Understanding Visiting Angels Hourly Prices

Figuring out the hourly price of Visiting Angels companies requires a nuanced understanding of a number of key elements. Care stage, geographic location, service length, particular particular person wants, time of day, day of the week, caregiver expertise, extra companies, and long-term contract choices all contribute to the ultimate hourly fee. This text has explored these elements intimately, offering a complete overview of the associated fee panorama related to Visiting Angels in-home care companies. Understanding these components empowers knowledgeable decision-making, enabling households to stability care wants with budgetary concerns.

Securing high quality in-home care necessitates proactive planning and open communication. Participating early with Visiting Angels, clearly articulating particular care necessities, and exploring accessible monetary sources are essential steps in navigating the complexities of in-home care prices. By way of knowledgeable decision-making and collaborative planning, households can safe customized care options that optimize each well-being and monetary stability. An intensive understanding of the elements influencing hourly prices empowers households to make knowledgeable decisions, guaranteeing entry to high-quality care tailor-made to particular person circumstances.