Relocating to Hawaii includes vital monetary planning. Bills embody transportation of family items (whether or not by air or sea freight), airfare for members of the family, potential short-term lodging upon arrival, and the preliminary prices of organising a brand new family, corresponding to safety deposits and utility connections. A pattern state of affairs may contain a household of 4 delivery an ordinary two-bedroom residence’s contents, resulting in prices exceeding $10,000, excluding airfare and preliminary residing bills.
Understanding the monetary dedication related to a Hawaiian transfer permits for reasonable budgeting and prevents unwelcome surprises. Traditionally, the remoteness of the islands has at all times contributed to larger relocation prices in comparison with mainland strikes. Thorough analysis empowers potential residents to make knowledgeable choices and keep away from monetary pressure throughout this thrilling but expensive transition. A transparent finances facilitates a smoother settling-in course of and permits newcomers to concentrate on having fun with the distinctive advantages of island life.
This text will delve into the particular components influencing relocation bills, offering detailed breakdowns of typical prices related to delivery, housing, transportation, and day by day residing in Hawaii. Moreover, it can supply sensible methods for minimizing bills and maximizing your finances throughout a Hawaiian relocation.
1. Family Items Cargo
Family items cargo represents a considerable portion of relocation bills to Hawaii. The price is primarily decided by the amount (cubic toes) of products shipped and the chosen methodology: sea freight or air freight. Sea freight, whereas considerably cheaper, includes an extended transit time, usually a number of weeks. Air freight presents quicker supply however at a premium worth. For instance, delivery an ordinary two-bedroom residence’s contents by sea freight may cost a little between $5,000 and $10,000, whereas air freight for a similar quantity might vary from $10,000 to $20,000 or extra. This price distinction underscores the significance of cautious analysis based mostly on particular person wants and finances constraints.
A number of components past quantity affect delivery prices. These embody the space from the origin level, specialised crating necessities for fragile objects, and extra companies like packing and unpacking. Selecting a good delivery firm with expertise in Hawaiian relocations is essential. Acquiring a number of quotes and evaluating companies ensures cost-effectiveness and mitigates potential issues. Deciding which objects to ship versus promote or donate additionally impacts total bills. Transporting solely important furnishings and belongings minimizes delivery quantity and reduces prices.
Understanding the intricacies of family items cargo is important for correct budgeting and a easy transition to Hawaii. Thorough analysis, comparability procuring, and strategic decision-making concerning which objects to ship contribute considerably to managing relocation bills. Failure to adequately account for these prices can result in monetary pressure throughout the shifting course of. Efficient planning for this crucial facet of relocation ensures a extra predictable and manageable total price.
2. Airfare
Airfare constitutes a significant factor of relocation bills to Hawaii. Ticket costs fluctuate based mostly on a number of components, together with seasonality, level of origin, reserving time, and airline chosen. Peak journey seasons sometimes correspond with larger fares, whereas low season journey usually presents alternatives for price financial savings. Flights originating from main West Coast cities usually supply decrease fares in comparison with these from the East Coast or Midwest because of shorter distances. Reserving flights nicely upfront usually secures higher offers, particularly throughout widespread journey durations. Price range airways generally supply aggressive fares, however their baggage restrictions and extra charges require cautious consideration. For instance, a one-way ticket from Los Angeles to Honolulu may vary from $300 to $800 relying on these variables, whereas a flight from New York might vary from $600 to $1,200 or extra. Relocation usually includes a number of members of the family, multiplying the airfare expense significantly.
Strategic planning can mitigate airfare prices. Flexibility with journey dates permits for capitalizing on low season fares or airline promotions. Using on-line journey aggregators and comparability instruments facilitates figuring out essentially the most cost-effective choices. Exploring various airports close to the ultimate vacation spot generally yields decrease fares. Contemplating the cumulative price of checked baggage charges when evaluating airways ensures correct price assessments. Selecting much less congested flight occasions or days of the week may also affect pricing. Households relocating with pets should consider pet transportation charges, which range considerably by airline.
Cautious consideration of airfare is important for correct budgeting when relocating to Hawaii. Managing this expense requires proactive analysis, versatile journey planning, and strategic decision-making. Failing to account for potential airfare fluctuations can considerably impression total relocation prices. Understanding the dynamics of airline pricing empowers people to make knowledgeable decisions and decrease this substantial expense.
3. Short-term Housing
Securing short-term housing performs an important position in managing relocation prices to Hawaii. This interim lodging bridges the hole between arrival and securing everlasting residence, permitting time for home searching, neighborhood exploration, and settling in. The price of short-term housing considerably impacts total relocation budgets and requires cautious consideration.
-
Rental Choices
Numerous short-term rental choices exist, every with related price implications. These embody trip leases, short-term furnished flats, and extended-stay motels. Trip leases usually supply enticing facilities however may be costly, particularly throughout peak seasons. Quick-term flats present a less expensive various, significantly for longer stays. Prolonged-stay motels supply comfort and primary facilities however may lack the house and luxury of different choices. Selecting the suitable rental sort depends upon particular person wants, finances, and the anticipated length of the short-term keep. As an example, a household of 4 may discover a trip rental extra appropriate than a resort room, whereas a single particular person may prioritize affordability over house.
-
Location and Facilities
Location considerably influences the price of short-term housing. Properties located in prime vacationer areas or near city facilities command larger costs than these in much less fascinating or extra distant areas. Facilities additionally impression price; leases with options like swimming swimming pools, ocean views, or in-unit laundry amenities usually include premium pricing. Balancing desired facilities with budgetary constraints is essential when deciding on short-term housing. Selecting a location with handy entry to public transportation may offset the upper price of a centrally situated rental, for instance.
-
Length of Keep
The size of keep in short-term housing instantly correlates with total price. Longer stays sometimes necessitate negotiating decrease month-to-month charges or exploring various lodging choices like house-sitting or subletting. Precisely estimating the required length of short-term housing is important for efficient budgeting. Surprising delays in securing everlasting housing can considerably inflate relocation bills. Constructing a buffer into the short-term housing finances supplies flexibility in case of unexpected circumstances.
-
Advance Reserving
Reserving short-term housing upfront, significantly throughout peak season, can safe higher charges and availability. Final-minute bookings usually end in larger costs and restricted decisions. Planning forward permits for thorough analysis, comparability procuring, and securing essentially the most appropriate lodging inside finances. For instance, reserving a trip rental a number of months upfront may yield substantial financial savings in comparison with reserving simply weeks earlier than arrival. Advance planning additionally permits time to barter phrases and situations with property homeowners or administration firms.
Successfully managing short-term housing prices requires cautious consideration of rental choices, location, length of keep, and reserving methods. Failing to adequately account for this expense can considerably impression the general price of relocating to Hawaii. Proactive planning and knowledgeable decision-making contribute to a smoother transition and a extra manageable relocation finances. Understanding the nuances of the short-term housing market in Hawaii empowers people to make cost-effective decisions and decrease monetary pressure throughout this crucial part of relocation.
4. Safety Deposits
Safety deposits symbolize a big upfront price related to relocating to Hawaii. Landlords sometimes require a safety deposit to cowl potential damages to the rental property past regular put on and tear. In Hawaii, safety deposits can vary from one to 2 months’ hire, considerably impacting preliminary relocation bills. For instance, securing a two-bedroom house with a month-to-month hire of $2,500 might require a safety deposit between $2,500 and $5,000. This upfront expense provides to the monetary burden of shifting and necessitates cautious budgeting. Understanding native laws concerning safety deposits is essential. Hawaii legislation dictates particular timelines for returning safety deposits after lease termination and descriptions permissible deductions. Failure to adjust to these laws can lead to authorized disputes and monetary losses.
The quantity of the safety deposit usually depends upon components such because the property’s situation, rental historical past, and the presence of pets. Landlords could require larger deposits for properties with upgraded options or for tenants with pets because of the elevated potential for injury. Negotiating the safety deposit quantity, whereas difficult, may be potential in sure circumstances, significantly in a much less aggressive rental market. Offering a powerful rental historical past and references can strengthen a tenant’s place throughout negotiations. Thorough documentation of the property’s situation upon move-in, together with images and movies, protects each tenants and landlords and helps forestall disputes concerning deductions from the safety deposit upon move-out. This proactive method minimizes the danger of surprising bills associated to safety deposit disputes.
Successfully managing safety deposit prices requires cautious planning, analysis, and open communication with landlords. Understanding native laws, documenting property situations, and negotiating deposit quantities when potential can mitigate monetary pressure throughout relocation. Failing to account for this substantial upfront price can considerably impression the general finances for a transfer to Hawaii. Proactive preparation concerning safety deposits ensures a smoother transition and minimizes the potential for monetary surprises throughout and after the transfer.
5. Utility Connection Charges
Utility connection charges contribute to the general price of relocating to Hawaii. Establishing important companies corresponding to electrical energy, water, fuel (the place relevant), web, and cellphone requires upfront funds. These charges range relying on the supplier, location, and kind of service. For instance, connecting electrical energy in a brand new house may cost a little between $50 and $150, whereas putting in web service might vary from $100 to $200, doubtlessly together with set up costs. These seemingly small bills accumulate, including to the preliminary monetary burden of relocation. Overlooking these prices throughout finances planning can result in surprising monetary pressure upon arrival.
Researching utility suppliers and their respective connection charges upfront permits for extra correct price projections. Evaluating costs and repair choices amongst completely different suppliers helps decrease bills. Some suppliers supply promotional offers or bundled packages that may scale back total connection prices. Understanding the particular utility necessities of the chosen residence is important. For instance, some flats embody water and trash assortment within the hire, whereas others require separate accounts and connection charges. Confirming these particulars with the owner or property supervisor earlier than relocating prevents surprising bills. Moreover, scheduling utility connections upfront ensures a smoother transition upon arrival, avoiding potential delays in accessing important companies.
Understanding the position of utility connection charges in total relocation prices is essential for efficient budgeting and a seamless transition to life in Hawaii. Advance analysis, comparability procuring, and proactive planning decrease surprising bills and guarantee entry to important companies upon arrival. Failing to account for these seemingly minor prices can contribute to pointless monetary pressure throughout the already difficult relocation course of. Incorporating utility connection charges into the general relocation finances permits for a extra reasonable and manageable monetary plan.
6. Transportation Prices
Transportation prices symbolize a considerable and ongoing expense for people relocating to Hawaii. The distinctive geographical context of the islands necessitates cautious consideration of transportation choices and their related prices, which instantly impression the general price of residing. In contrast to mainland strikes, the place driving private automobiles lengthy distances is frequent, delivery a automotive to Hawaii provides vital expense to the relocation course of. Transport prices range based mostly on the automobile’s measurement and the origin level, usually exceeding $1,000 per automobile. This price, mixed with larger gasoline costs in Hawaii, contributes considerably to the general monetary burden of relocation. Moreover, the restricted public transportation infrastructure in some areas necessitates reliance on private automobiles, amplifying the significance of factoring transportation prices into relocation budgets.
Past the preliminary relocation, day by day transportation bills affect long-term price of residing. Restricted public transportation choices in sure areas necessitate automotive possession for a lot of residents. The price of gasoline, automobile upkeep, and insurance coverage in Hawaii sometimes exceeds mainland averages, contributing to a better total price of residing. For instance, gasoline costs in Hawaii usually vary $1-$2 larger per gallon than mainland averages, considerably impacting month-to-month budgets. Moreover, the reliance on air journey for inter-island transportation provides one other layer of price. Frequent inter-island flights for work or private causes accumulate substantial bills over time. Understanding these transportation realities is essential for precisely assessing the long-term monetary implications of relocating to Hawaii.
Successfully managing transportation prices in Hawaii requires strategic planning and adaptation to the distinctive island atmosphere. Exploring various transportation modes like biking, strolling, or ride-sharing companies can mitigate bills, significantly in city areas. Thorough analysis into public transportation choices and their accessibility informs choices about automotive possession and related prices. Factoring within the long-term prices of auto possession, together with insurance coverage, upkeep, and potential repairs, supplies a sensible evaluation of the general monetary impression of transportation in Hawaii. Integrating these concerns into relocation planning and ongoing budgeting ensures a extra manageable and sustainable price of residing within the islands.
7. Value of Residing Variations
Value of residing variations considerably impression the general monetary planning required for relocation to Hawaii. Whereas preliminary relocation bills like delivery and airfare symbolize substantial upfront prices, the continued price of residing in Hawaii usually necessitates vital changes to spending habits and way of life. Understanding these variations is essential for correct budgeting and a sustainable transition to island life. Ignoring these disparities can result in monetary pressure and issue adjusting to the Hawaiian financial system.
-
Groceries and Meals
Grocery costs in Hawaii persistently rank among the many highest in america. The reliance on imported items, mixed with restricted native agricultural manufacturing for sure staples, contributes to inflated costs. For instance, a gallon of milk may cost a little twice as a lot in Hawaii in comparison with mainland averages. This worth distinction necessitates changes to grocery budgets and doubtlessly exploring various meals sources like farmers’ markets or native produce stands. Consuming out additionally presents larger prices, impacting total meals bills.
-
Housing Prices
Housing prices, whether or not renting or shopping for, symbolize a good portion of residing bills in Hawaii. Restricted land availability and excessive demand contribute to inflated actual property costs and rental charges. Securing inexpensive housing requires in depth analysis, flexibility in location preferences, and doubtlessly compromising on facilities or house. For instance, a modest two-bedroom house in a fascinating location may command rental charges considerably larger than comparable mainland properties.
-
Healthcare Bills
Healthcare bills in Hawaii usually align with nationwide averages, however entry to specialised care may require inter-island journey, including related transportation prices. Securing medical health insurance protection earlier than relocating is essential for managing potential medical bills and making certain entry to essential healthcare companies. Researching healthcare suppliers and insurance coverage choices particular to Hawaii facilitates a smoother transition and knowledgeable decision-making.
-
Taxes
Hawaii’s tax construction, together with revenue tax and common excise tax, influences the general price of residing. Whereas property taxes are comparatively low in comparison with some mainland states, the final excise tax, a broad-based consumption tax, applies to most items and companies, successfully growing the price of on a regular basis purchases. Understanding the nuances of the Hawaiian tax system permits for correct monetary planning and knowledgeable spending choices.
Precisely assessing the monetary implications of relocating to Hawaii necessitates a complete understanding of price of residing variations. Factoring in larger grocery costs, housing prices, potential healthcare bills, and the impression of the tax system permits for reasonable budgeting and a smoother transition. Failing to account for these variations can result in vital monetary pressure and issue adapting to the Hawaiian financial system. Integrating these price of residing concerns into relocation planning empowers people to make knowledgeable choices and put together for the distinctive monetary realities of island life.
8. Job Market Analysis
Job market analysis performs an important position in figuring out the feasibility and monetary viability of relocating to Hawaii. Relocation prices symbolize a big funding; subsequently, securing employment earlier than the transfer mitigates monetary danger. Understanding the Hawaiian job market, together with trade traits, wage expectations, and employment alternatives, informs reasonable budgeting and facilitates a smoother transition. Inadequate job market analysis can result in monetary instability upon arrival, jeopardizing your complete relocation endeavor. For instance, a person relocating with the expectation of securing a high-paying tech job may encounter a restricted job market in that sector, necessitating a profession change or accepting decrease pay, considerably impacting the power to handle the upper price of residing in Hawaii.
Conducting thorough job market analysis permits for aligning profession targets with the realities of the Hawaiian financial system. Figuring out industries with robust development potential, corresponding to tourism, healthcare, or renewable vitality, will increase the chance of securing steady employment. Researching common salaries for particular positions inside these industries permits for creating a sensible finances that accounts for Hawaii’s larger price of residing. Networking with professionals within the desired subject supplies insights into the native job market dynamics, potential alternatives, and reasonable wage expectations. As an example, a person looking for a profession in hospitality may join with resort managers or tourism professionals in Hawaii to achieve invaluable insights into the native job market and typical compensation packages. This proactive method empowers knowledgeable decision-making and reduces the monetary dangers related to relocation.
Complete job market analysis serves as a crucial basis for a profitable relocation to Hawaii. Understanding the native financial system, trade traits, and wage expectations permits for reasonable budgeting and knowledgeable profession choices. Failure to conduct satisfactory job market analysis can result in monetary instability and jeopardize your complete relocation course of. By prioritizing job market evaluation, people mitigate monetary dangers and enhance the chance of a profitable and sustainable transition to life in Hawaii.
9. Emergency Funds
Relocating to Hawaii necessitates a complete monetary plan, encompassing not solely anticipated bills but in addition unexpected circumstances. Emergency funds play a crucial position in mitigating monetary dangers related to surprising occasions throughout and after relocation. These funds present a security web, enabling people to navigate unexpected challenges with out jeopardizing their monetary stability in a brand new and doubtlessly costly atmosphere. Failing to determine satisfactory emergency funds previous to relocating to Hawaii can expose people to vital monetary vulnerability.
-
Surprising Job Loss or Delay
Job loss or delays in securing employment symbolize a big monetary danger throughout relocation. Emergency funds present a buffer, overlaying important residing bills like hire, groceries, and utilities whereas looking for new employment alternatives. For instance, if a person experiences an surprising job loss shortly after arriving in Hawaii, emergency funds can maintain them throughout the job search, stopping fast monetary hardship. The upper price of residing in Hawaii amplifies the significance of getting ample emergency funds to navigate such conditions.
-
Medical Emergencies or Surprising Healthcare Prices
Medical emergencies or surprising healthcare prices can impose a considerable monetary burden, particularly in a brand new location with doubtlessly larger healthcare bills. Emergency funds allotted for medical wants cowl deductibles, co-pays, or surprising medical payments, mitigating the monetary impression of health-related challenges. As an example, if a person requires pressing medical care shortly after relocating to Hawaii, emergency funds forestall them from incurring vital debt or delaying essential remedy.
-
Pure Disasters or Unexpected Property Injury
Hawaii’s vulnerability to pure disasters, corresponding to hurricanes or volcanic exercise, necessitates preparedness for potential property injury or evacuation bills. Emergency funds allotted for such occasions cowl short-term housing, evacuation prices, or repairs to broken property. Having these funds available ensures monetary stability throughout and after pure disasters, minimizing disruption and facilitating restoration.
-
Automobile Repairs or Transportation Disruptions
Reliance on private automobiles for transportation in lots of elements of Hawaii underscores the significance of budgeting for potential automobile repairs or transportation disruptions. Emergency funds designated for transportation cowl surprising automotive repairs, rental automotive bills, or various transportation prices throughout automobile downtime. For instance, if a automotive requires main repairs shortly after relocating, emergency funds forestall people from being stranded or incurring extreme transportation bills.
Establishing satisfactory emergency funds earlier than relocating to Hawaii is important for mitigating monetary dangers and making certain a easy transition. These funds present a crucial security web for navigating unexpected circumstances, from job loss to medical emergencies, defending monetary stability in a brand new and doubtlessly difficult atmosphere. Incorporating emergency funds into the general relocation finances permits for a extra complete and resilient monetary plan, decreasing vulnerability and selling a profitable and sustainable transition to life in Hawaii. The upper price of residing in Hawaii additional emphasizes the significance of sturdy emergency funds to navigate surprising challenges with out jeopardizing monetary well-being.
Incessantly Requested Questions on Relocation Prices to Hawaii
This part addresses frequent inquiries concerning the monetary points of shifting to Hawaii, offering concise and informative responses to facilitate knowledgeable decision-making.
Query 1: What’s the most vital expense related to shifting to Hawaii?
Sometimes, delivery family items represents essentially the most substantial upfront expense. Transport prices range significantly relying on the amount of products and the chosen delivery methodology (sea freight or air freight).
Query 2: How can relocation bills be minimized?
Minimizing relocation bills includes strategic planning, together with decluttering and promoting or donating non-essential objects to scale back delivery quantity, researching and evaluating delivery quotes, and touring throughout the low season to doubtlessly safe decrease airfare.
Query 3: Is it important to safe employment earlier than relocating?
Securing employment earlier than relocating is strongly really useful. The upper price of residing in Hawaii necessitates a steady revenue supply upon arrival. Job market analysis and pre-relocation employment mitigate monetary dangers.
Query 4: What are the typical housing prices in Hawaii?
Housing prices in Hawaii considerably exceed nationwide averages. Each rental charges and property costs replicate restricted land availability and excessive demand. Thorough analysis and suppleness in location preferences are essential for securing appropriate housing inside finances.
Query 5: How do grocery costs in Hawaii examine to mainland costs?
Grocery costs in Hawaii are sometimes larger than mainland averages because of import reliance and restricted native manufacturing of sure staples. Budgeting for larger meals prices is important for sustaining monetary stability.
Query 6: What are the important parts of a complete relocation finances for Hawaii?
A complete relocation finances encompasses delivery prices, airfare, short-term housing, safety deposits, utility connection charges, transportation bills, preliminary residing prices, and emergency funds for unexpected circumstances.
Cautious consideration of those steadily requested questions empowers people to make knowledgeable choices and put together for the monetary realities of relocating to Hawaii. Correct budgeting and proactive planning decrease monetary pressure and facilitate a smoother transition to island life.
The next part will delve into particular methods for managing relocation bills and maximizing your finances throughout a Hawaiian transfer.
Ideas for Managing Relocation Prices to Hawaii
Managing the monetary points of a Hawaiian transfer requires cautious planning and strategic decision-making. The next ideas present sensible steerage for minimizing bills and maximizing budgets throughout relocation.
Tip 1: Declutter and Downsize: Lowering the amount of shipped belongings considerably impacts total delivery prices. Thorough decluttering earlier than the transfer permits for promoting, donating, or discarding pointless objects. This proactive method minimizes delivery bills and simplifies the unpacking course of upon arrival.
Tip 2: Safe A number of Transport Quotes: Evaluating quotes from respected shifting firms specializing in Hawaiian relocations ensures aggressive pricing. Detailed inventories of family items facilitate correct quotes and forestall surprising costs. Inquiries about insurance coverage protection and legal responsibility insurance policies present important data for knowledgeable decision-making.
Tip 3: Discover Versatile Journey Dates: Airfare usually fluctuates based mostly on seasonality and demand. Flexibility with journey dates doubtlessly permits for securing decrease fares. Touring throughout the low season or mid-week generally yields substantial price financial savings.
Tip 4: Analysis Short-term Housing Choices: Balancing consolation, comfort, and price is essential when deciding on short-term housing. Exploring numerous choices, together with trip leases, short-term flats, and extended-stay motels, permits for figuring out essentially the most appropriate and cost-effective answer. Reserving lodging upfront usually secures higher charges and availability.
Tip 5: Negotiate Safety Deposits and Lease Phrases: Open communication with landlords can create alternatives for negotiating safety deposit quantities or lease phrases. Offering a powerful rental historical past, references, and proof of steady revenue strengthens a potential tenant’s place throughout negotiations.
Tip 6: Examine Utility Suppliers: Researching and evaluating utility suppliers within the new location ensures cost-effective service decisions. Inquiring about connection charges, month-to-month charges, and potential bundled packages permits for knowledgeable decision-making and minimizes utility bills.
Tip 7: Analysis the Job Market Extensively: Thorough job market analysis earlier than relocating mitigates monetary dangers. Understanding trade traits, wage expectations, and employment alternatives permits for knowledgeable profession choices and reasonable budgeting. Networking with professionals within the desired subject supplies invaluable insights into the native job market.
Tip 8: Set up and Keep Strong Emergency Funds: Enough emergency funds present a crucial security web throughout relocation. These funds cowl surprising bills, from job loss or medical emergencies to pure disasters or property injury, preserving monetary stability throughout the transition.
Implementing the following pointers permits for successfully managing the monetary points of a Hawaiian relocation. Proactive planning, thorough analysis, and knowledgeable decision-making decrease bills, maximize budgets, and pave the best way for a smoother transition to island life.
This text concludes with a abstract of key takeaways and actionable steps for a profitable and financially sound relocation to Hawaii.
Conclusion
Relocating to Hawaii presents a big monetary enterprise. This text explored the multifaceted nature of those prices, encompassing family items cargo, airfare, short-term housing, safety deposits, utility connections, transportation bills, and the implications of a better price of residing. Emphasis was positioned on the crucial significance of thorough analysis, strategic planning, and reasonable budgeting. Managing relocation bills requires proactive decision-making, from decluttering and downsizing to securing a number of delivery quotes and exploring versatile journey dates. Understanding the intricacies of the Hawaiian job market, housing panorama, and price of residing dynamics is important for a profitable and financially sound transition. Constructing strong emergency funds supplies a crucial security web for navigating unexpected challenges throughout and after relocation.
Relocation to Hawaii, whereas doubtlessly expensive, turns into achievable via knowledgeable planning and diligent monetary preparation. Understanding the potential bills empowers people to make sound choices, decrease monetary pressure, and embark on a satisfying new chapter within the islands. A well-defined finances, coupled with reasonable expectations, facilitates a smoother transition and enhances the prospects of a profitable and sustainable life in Hawaii.